SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTER

The lived experience of fathers caring premature infants about feeding, life care, parent-child interaction, and their needs, expectations, feelings, perceptions, attitudes, etc.

All types of antenatal pelvic floor muscle exercises programs with no adjunctive therapy were included

Early intervention services for non-psychotic mental health disorders. The format and structure of the service will vary, we will be including services based in the community and in hospitals. The services will form a structured program of care with the level of care can varying from “light-touch” techniques of signposting, information sharing, and self-help resources all the way through to specialized multi-disciplinary teams and high intensity psychiatric support.

Use of WHO’s safe child birth checklist during labor.

Resiliency support for police officers includes any tools, startegies, programmes and organizational features that enhance positive health outcomes through a. readiness and preparedness, b. response and adaptation, c. recovery and adjustment regardless of condition or work status.

An annual worldwide figure of 14.84 million babies are estimated to have been born preterm before 37 weeks of gestation in 2014 remaining “a crucial risk in child mortality” and a factor for consideration when improving maternal and newborn care quality (Chawanpaiboon et al., 2018, p. e37). Medical advances in the field of neonatology “have resulted in increased survival rates, particularly among extremely premature infants” which has been “associated with a subsequent increase in morbidity” (Suff et al., 2019, p. 27). Current research has yielded a number of predictors of preterm birth, some of which include cervical length measurement, ultrasound parameters (presence of ‘amniotic fluid sludge’) and biomarkers (fetal fibronectin, inflammatory markers and cytokines vaginal microbiome) (Suff et al., 2019). Tocolysis (suppression of preterm labour) and maternal corticosteroids (steroid medication for the mother) may commence in addition to magnesium sulfate (medication for the mother) when labour is established (National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, 2015).

Suff et al. (2019, p. 27) identify the importance of predictive tests for preterm birth, both for reassurance for women who aren’t likely to deliver preterm but also for those considered higher risk “given the huge personal, economic, and health impacts of preterm birth”.

The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence guidance (National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, 2018, p. 27) specifies that “patient experts explained that preterm labour is associated with substantial anxiety, particularly when a diagnosis is difficult to confirm” and that the “understanding whether preterm labour is established is of considerable importance to pregnant women” further stating the “importance of communicating the risks and benefits associated with the different diagnostic options so that women are able to understand the test results” in addition to explanation of false negative results (National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, 2018, p. 27).

Gordon (2019, p. 61), when exploring the experiences of women with threatened preterm labour, identified practice implications for clinicians to “be aware of the anxiety and uncertainty women experience when inconsistent advice is given” along with research suggestions of consideration of “the relationship between stress and anxiety and preterm birth and pregnancy outcome” along with “practices of specialist preterm birth services”.

Carson et al. (2015, p. 8), in a prospective cohort study of 12,100 families of which 119 babies were born less than 32 weeks of gestation and 121 babies born between 32-33 weeks of gestation, found that “both mothers and fathers of very preterm babies are approximately twice as likely to experience symptoms of postnatal depression at 9 months postpartum”. Themes drawn from studies post-discharge from the neonatal unit included “living in constant fear”, “need for support” and “guilt feelings, responsibility and compensatory parenting” (Adama et al., 2016, p. 34).

Depression, anxiety and post -traumatic stress disorder are conditions prevalent in women with threatened preterm labour and subsequently following preterm birth which may impact on transition to motherhood. Lasiuk et al. (2013) used an interpretive description method via interviews and focus groups with a sample of fourteen parents (11 women and 3 men) to understand parental traumas’ associated with preterm birth, whereas Dagklis et al. (2018, p. 922) quantitatively studied antenatal depression in women hospitalised with threatened preterm labour which the authors state to be the “first study ever conducted to screen for depressive symptoms among pregnant women at risk of preterm labour”. 24.3% of the 103 women were identified as having antenatal depression. The findings are further supported by Pisoni et al. (2016, p. 771) with results showing that “hospitalized parents at risk of preterm delivery develop less attachment to the foetus and higher levels of anxiety and depression” with a recommendation of “promotion of prenatal psychological well-being”.

References

Adama, E. A., Bayes, S. and Sundin, D. (2016) 'Parents' experiences of caring for preterm infants after discharge from Neonatal Intensive Care Unit: A meta-synthesis of the literature', Journal of Neonatal Nursing, 22(1), pp. 27-51.
Carson, C., Redshaw, M., Gray, R. and Quigley, M. A. (2015) 'Risk of psychological distress in parents of preterm children in the first year: evidence from the UK Millennium Cohort Study', BMJ Open, 5(12), pp. e007942-e007942.
Chawanpaiboon, S., Vogel, J. P., Moller, A.-B., Lumbiganon, P., Petzold, M., Hogan, D., Landoulsi, S., Jampathong, N., Kongwattanakul, K., Laopaiboon, M., Lewis, C., Rattanakanokchai, S., Teng, D. N., Thinkhamrop, J., Watananirun, K., Zhang, J., Zhou, W. and Gülmezoglu, A. M. (2018) 'Global, regional, and national estimates of levels of preterm birth in 2014: a systematic review and modelling analysis', The Lancet Global Health, 7(1), pp. e37-e46.
Dagklis, T., Tsakiridis, I., Chouliara, F., Mamopoulos, A., Rousso, D., Athanasiadis, A. and Papazisis, G. (2018) 'Antenatal depression among women hospitalized due to threatened preterm labor in a high-risk pregnancy unit in Greece', The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine, 31(7), pp. 919-925.
Gordon, C. (2019) 'Women who experience threatened preterm labour need early and accurate assessment, a clear management plan and continuity of care to reduce stress and anxiety', Evidence-based nursing, 22(2), pp. 61-61.
Lasiuk, G. C., Comeau, T. and Newburn-Cook, C. (2013) 'Unexpected: an interpretive description of parental traumas' associated with preterm birth', Bmc Pregnancy and Childbirth, 13 Suppl 1(Suppl 1), pp. S13-S13.
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (2015) Preterm labour and birth. Available at: https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng25 (Accessed: 19 July 2019).
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (2018) Biomarker tests to help diagnose preterm labour in women with intact membranes. Available at: https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/dg33/chapter/2-Clinical-need-and-pract… (Accessed: 19 July 2019).
Pisoni, C., Garofoli, F., Tzialla, C., Orcesi, S., Spinillo, A., Politi, P., Balottin, U., Tinelli, C. and Stronati, M. (2016) 'Complexity of parental prenatal attachment during pregnancy at risk for preterm delivery', The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine, 29(5), pp. 771-776.
Suff, N., Story, L. and Shennan, A. (2019) 'The prediction of preterm delivery: What is new?', Seminars in Fetal and Neonatal Medicine, 24(1), pp. 27-32.

The concept interest of this scoping review is the primary healthcare budget policies. We will examine studies that presents, discuss and compare the funding models of the primary healthcare settings on countries that have structured UHC systems. Studies on the total expenditures with primary healthcare settings will also be included, aiming to provide a summary of these expenses.

This review will focus on the characteristics and strategies associated with nursing mentorship within acute care settings. For this review, we will use the following definition of nursing mentorship adopted by the Canadian Nurses Association (CNA) (2004): “mentorship should be described as developing and empowering one another through a voluntary, mutually beneficial long term professional relationship”