Stroke Prevention Strategies in Africa
Addressing a Growing Health Crisis
Stroke is a significant global health concern, being one of the leading causes of death and disability worldwide. However, the burden of stroke is particularly pronounced in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), where the majority of stroke-related deaths and disabilities occur. Over the past few decades, the incidence of stroke in Africa has risen exponentially, with the continent now facing one of the highest stroke burdens globally.
The rise in stroke incidence in Africa can be attributed to various factors, including sociodemographic changes, pollution exposure, and lifestyle shifts. The economic impact of stroke is substantial, placing significant strain on already fragile healthcare systems and resulting in substantial healthcare expenditure.
Prevention is key in addressing the growing burden of stroke in Africa. Implementing preventive measures not only reduces the risk of stroke but also has broader health benefits for the population. Strategies targeting risk factors such as hypertension, cholesterol, and HIV/AIDS can have a ripple effect, reducing mortality from other chronic diseases as well.
Two main approaches to stroke prevention have been proposed: the high-risk strategy and the population-based strategy. The high-risk strategy focuses on identifying and targeting populations at very high risk of stroke, employing lifestyle changes and pharmacological treatments to reduce risk factors. Lifestyle modifications such as reducing salt intake, increasing physical activity, and managing psychosocial stress have been shown to be effective in reducing cardiovascular risk.
The population-based approach, on the other hand, targets the entire population through mass mobilisation, health education programs, and policy changes. This approach aims to reduce risk factors at the population level and includes both primary and secondary prevention measures.
While some African countries have implemented stroke prevention programs, such as national non-communicable disease policies and community-based interventions, there is a lack of comprehensive strategies across the continent. This highlights the need for further research and policy formulation to address stroke prevention in Africa effectively.
A scoping review is underway which aims to map out existing stroke prevention strategies in Africa, providing insights into current practices and identifying gaps for future research and policy development. The findings of this review could inform policymakers, healthcare workers, and facility managers in implementing effective stroke prevention strategies tailored to the African context.
The protocol for the scoping review is available in the February issue of JBI Evidence Synthesis:
Stroke prevention strategies in Africa: a scoping review protocol
Umeonwuka, Chuka Ifeanyi; Obiora, Oluchukwu Loveth; Nstiea, Veronica
JBI Evidence Synthesis. 22(2):335-342, February 2024.